Improving the biocompatibility of in vivo sensors via nitric oxide release

Abstract

The continuous, real-time monitoring of clinically important analytes (e.g., PO₂, PCO₂, pH, K⁺, Na⁺, glucose, and lactate) is of great importance to human health care. Despite considerable efforts spanning several decades, the use of in vivo sensors clinically remains limited due to inadequate biocompatibility. The discovery of nitric oxide (NO) as an effective inhibitor of platelet and bacterial adhesion has opened a new direction of research related to designing the next generation of in vivo sensors. In this Highlight article, recent progress in designing more biocompatible in vivo sensors is described, with a particular focus on preparing interfaces that resist biofouling via controlled NO release.