Determination of 236U/238U isotope ratio in contaminated environmental samples using different ICP-MS instruments

Abstract

This paper considers use of the ²³⁶U isotope to monitor the spent uranium from nuclear fallout using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) in soil samples collected in the vicinity of the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant (NPP). Sector field ICP-MS (ICP-SFMS) and quadrupole based ICP-MS without and with hexapole collision cell (ICP-CC-MS) were used for uranium isotope analysis. In addition, a multiple ion collector ICP-MS (MC-ICP-MS) was used for high-precision isotope ratio measurements. A ²³⁸U⁺ ion sensitivity of 18 GHz ppm⁻¹, 12.4 GHz ppm⁻¹ and 16 GHz ppm⁻¹, respectively, was observed in ICP-SFMS, ICP-CC-MS and MC-ICP-MS with ultrasonic nebulizer. An absolute sensitivity of 3600 counts fg⁻¹ was achieved for uranium by using a direct injection high efficiency nebulizer for solution introduction in ICP-SFMS. The detection limit for ²³⁶U was in the fg g⁻¹ range and abundance ratio sensitivity for ²³⁶U/²³⁸U was 5 × 10⁻⁶, 3 × 10⁻⁷, 6 × 10⁻⁷, and less than 3 × 10⁻⁷ in ICP-SFMS, MC-ICP-MS, quadrupole ICP-MS and ICP-CC-MS at mass resolution m/Δm = 300, respectively. Interlaboratory comparison yielded a good accuracy (0.4–1.6%) of ²³⁶U/²³⁸U isotope ratios ranging from 1.5 × 10⁻³ to 3.2 × 10⁻⁴ measured in samples containing 100 ng of uranium. The ²³⁶U/²³⁸U isotope ratios and spent uranium fraction were determined in Chernobyl soil samples using single ion detector ICP-MS and multiple ion collector ICP-MS (MC-ICP-MS). In comparison to ²³⁵U/²³⁸U isotope ratio, the ²³⁶U/²³⁸U isotope ratio provided more sensitive and accurate determination of the portion of spent uranium from Chernobyl NPP in spent/natural uranium mixture in soil samples down to 0.1%. The concentration of Chernobyl spent uranium in upper 0–10 cm soil layers in investigated areas in the vicinity of Chernobyl NPP amounts to 2.4 × 10⁻⁹ g g⁻¹ to 8.1 × 10⁻⁷ g g⁻¹ depending mainly on the distance to the Chernobyl reactor.