Second-order perturbation theory is used to show that weak interactions between the f orbitals of a central atom and the orbitals of n(n= 2, 3, or 4) symmetry related surrounding atoms are non-directional, provided that the f orbitals are either empty or symmetrically occupied. There is reason to believe that this non-directional character persists for unsymmetrical f- orbital occupation.
S. F. A. Kettle and A. J. P. Pioli, J. Chem. Soc. A, 1968, 122 DOI: 10.1039/J19680000122
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