Carbon quantum dots as a fluorophore for “inner filter effect” detection of metronidazole in pharmaceutical preparations

Abstract

With houttuynia cordata as carbon source, photoluminescent carbon quantum dots (CDs) were obtained via a one-step hydrothermal procedure. The absorption band of metronidazole (MNZ, maximum absorption wavelength at 319 nm) can well overlap with the excitation bands of CDs (maximum excitation wavelength at 320 nm). A fluorescent approach has been developed for detection of MNZ based on the inner filter effect (IFE), in which as-prepared CDs act as an IFE fluorophore and the MNZ as an IFE absorber. We have investigated the mechanism of quenching the fluorescence of CDs and found that the IFE leads to an exponential decay in fluorescence intensity of CDs with increasing concentration of MNZ, but showed a good linear relationship (R² = 0.9930) between ln(F₀/F) with the concentration of MNZ in the range of 3.3 × 10⁻⁶ to 2.4 × 10⁻⁴ mol L⁻¹. Due to the absence of surface modification of the CDs or establishing any covalent linking between the absorber (MNZ) and the fluorophore (CDs), the developed method is simple, rapid, low-cost and less time-consuming. Meanwhile, it possesses a higher sensitivity, wider linear range, and satisfactory selectivity and has potential application for detection of MNZ in pharmaceutical preparations.