Waste solidification/stabilization of lead–zinc slag by utilizing fly ash based geopolymers

Abstract

Solidification/stabilization (S/S) is recognized as an effective technology for solid waste treatment. In S/S, the application of geopolymers synthesized by industrial waste (rich in active silicon and aluminum) to immobilize hazardous waste is a research focus. In this article, a fly ash based geopolymer was used to immobilize lead–zinc slag containing Pb, Ni, Zn and Mn. A fly ash based geopolymer with good mechanical strength was obtained through single factor experiments and the compressive strength of the geopolymer reached 29.72 MPa. The effects of immobilizing lead–zinc slag in the fly ash based geopolymer were discussed by means of compressive strength, leaching test and speciation analysis. The solidification/stabilization mechanism was further investigated using XRD, FTIR and SEM. The mechanical properties of the fly ash based geopolymer were negatively affected by addition of lead–zinc slag, and compressive strength decreased to 8.67 MPa when 60% lead–zinc slag was added. The geopolymer has the ability to reduce toxicity of lead–zinc slag by immobilizing heavy metals (Pb, Ni, Zn and Mn), but the ability was not unlimited. The migration of heavy metals to residual form indicates that heavy metals may either be bonded into the geopolymer matrix via the T–O bond (T = Si, Al) or captured in framework cavities to maintain the charge balance. The NASH (Na₂O–Al₂O₃–SiO₂–H₂O) gel structure observed by XRD, FTIR and SEM can physically encapsulate the contaminants during geopolymerization. It is finally concluded that heavy metals were immobilized in the fly ash based geopolymer through a combination of chemical bonding and physical encapsulation.