Highly uniform Ru nanoparticles over N-doped carbon: pH and temperature-universal hydrogen release from water reduction

Abstract

Highly uniform ruthenium (Ru) nanoparticles over N-doped carbon (Ru@CN) was designed and confirmed as a promising candidate for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) over a wide pH range. In particular, outstanding catalytic activity with an overpotential of 32 mV at 10 mA cm⁻² was achieved in basic media. Moreover, Ru@CN holds promise for hydrogen production from 0 °C to 60 °C, greatly broadening its applicability.