Tumor-targeted nanoprobes for enhanced multimodal imaging and synergistic photothermal therapy: core–shell and dumbbell Gd-tailored gold nanorods

Abstract

Multifunctional nanoprobes, due to their unique nanocomposite structures, have prominent advantages that combine multimodal imaging of a tumor with photothermal therapy. However, they remain a challenge for constructing nanostructures via conventional approaches due to the peculiar environmental sensitivity of each component. Here, we report the design and synthesis of Gd-based nanoparticle-tailored gold nanorods with distinctive core–shell and dumbbell nanoarchitectures (NAs) by a specific synthesis technology. The prepared NAs possess a tunable particle size of 80–120 nm in length and 50–90 nm in diameter, which are suitable for cellular uptake and passive targeting of a tumor. The formation of two distinct heterostructures and their underlying mechanism were studied through systematic investigations on the controllable synthesis process. The as-prepared nanoprobes possess an ultrahigh longitudinal relaxivity (r₁) of 22.69 s⁻¹ mM⁻¹ and thus a significant magnetic resonance imaging signal enhancement has been observed in mice tumors. The NAs, especially the dumbbell type, show a vivid two-photon cell imaging and a remarkable photothermal conversion efficiency owing to their superior longitudinal surface plasmon resonance. Both in vitro cytotoxicity and in vivo immunotoxicity assays give substantial evidence of excellent biocompatibility attained in the NAs. The development of multifunctional targeting nanoprobes in this study could provide guidance for tailored design and controllable synthesis of heterostructured nanocomposites utilized for multimodal imaging and photothermal therapy of cancer.