Cyclometalated Ir(iii) complexes incorporating a photoactive anthracene-based ligand: syntheses, crystal structures and luminescence switching by light irradiation

Abstract

Two cyclometalated complexes [Ir(dfppy)₂(aip)](PF₆) (1) and [Ir(ppy)₂(aip)](PF₆) (2) have been synthesized based on a photoactive anthracene-based ligand aip and cyclometalating ligands dfppyH and ppyH [dfppyH = (2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-pyridine), ppyH = 2-phenyl-pyridine]. Their crystal structures indicate that an aip ligand uses its phenanthroline moiety to chelate an {Ir(dfppy)₂}⁺ unit in 1, while an {Ir(ppy)₂}⁺ unit in 2. In CH₂Cl₂, the anthracene units in aip, 1 and 2 underwent photo-oxidation upon irradiation with 365 nm light, forming species aip-O, 1-O and 2-O, respectively. This photo-oxidation resulted in luminescence switching, from a luminescent state (emission at 493 nm) to a non-luminescent state for aip, while from a non-luminescent state to a luminescent state with an emission at 519 nm for 1 and 578 nm for 2. Additionally, the luminescence of aip, 1-O and 2-O in CH₂Cl₂ can be modulated by using TFA to protonate the imidazole units and/or non-coordinated phenanthroline moiety in these compounds. Upon adding TFA, aip showed luminescence quenching, while species 1-O and 2-O revealed both luminescence-intensity decrease and emission-wavelength increase (Δλ = 9 nm for 1-O, and Δλ = 4 nm for 2-O). In this paper, we discuss the luminescence switching/modulation of aip, 1 and 2 by light-irradiation-induced photo-oxidation of their anthracene units and by TFA treatment.