Highly efficient magnetic hyperthermia ablation of tumors using injectable polymethylmethacrylate–Fe3O4

Abstract

Magnetic hyperthermia is a promising minimally invasive technique for tumor therapy which has drawn much attention. However, the currently used magnetic materials have their limitations. In this study, we developed an injectable, liquid to solid phase transitional magnetic material, polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA)–Fe₃O₄ designed for highly efficient magnetic hyperthermia ablation of tumors. The PMMA–Fe₃O₄ was prepared by the incorporation of PMMA and the Fe₃O₄. The morphology characterization, the magnetic properties and the heating efficiency of PMMA–Fe₃O₄ were studied. The Fe₃O₄ particles were evenly distributed in the PMMA and the hysteresis curve of Fe₃O₄ and PMMA–Fe₃O₄ indicated that they were magnetic materials. When exposed to an alternating current magnetic field in vitro, the magnetic PMMA–Fe₃O₄ generated heat. The increased temperature of excised bovine liver was positively correlated to the iron content and time, which suggested that the temperature inside the tumor was controllable. The ablated liver tissue area for 0.1 ml 10% PMMA–Fe₃O₄ was 1.24 ± 0.28, 1.70 ± 0.57, 2.76 ± 0.31, 4.17 ± 1.07 cm³, respectively, at 60, 120, 180 and 240 s time points. In the in vivo animal experiments, a MB-231 breast cancer xenograft model was obtained in nude mice. In this tumor model, PMMA–Fe₃O₄ was injected precisely using guided ultrasound imaging. After the injection, the computer tomography images showed that it was well confined in the tumor tissues without any leakage. The tumors were completely ablated by a dose of 0.1 ml, 10% PMMA–Fe₃O₄ with 180 s exposure time in the magnetic field. Our results demonstrated that PMMA–Fe₃O₄ was an excellent magnetic material for the localized magnetic hyperthermia ablation of tumors.