Retracted Article: Smart rose flower like bioceramic/metal oxide dual layer coating with enhanced anti-bacterial, anti-cancer, anti-corrosive and biocompatible properties for improved orthopedic applications

Abstract

Metallic implants suffer from numerous problems such as stress shielding, poor prolonged osseointegration and corrosion under in vivo environments. Such problems are often faced by bone cancer patients as they receive orthopedic implants after cancerous bone resection. Unfortunately, there are no orthopedic materials developed so far that simultaneously increase healthy bone growth as takes place in traditional orthopedic implant applications, while inhibiting cancerous bone growth. Based on these issues, the long-term objective of this study was to introduce a new implant material in an integrated way. Hence we have fabricated a selenium (Se), and manganese (Mn) substituted flower like hydroxyapatite (HAP) coating on zirconium oxide (ZrO₂) coated AZ91 magnesium alloy. The flower like Se,Mn-HAP/ZrO₂ dual layer coating on the AZ91 magnesium alloy was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), high-resolution scanning electron microscopy (HRSEM) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis. Also, the mechanical properties of the dual layer coating were evaluated using adhesion and Vickers micro-hardness tests. The effect of the dual layer coating on the corrosion behavior of the AZ91 magnesium alloy was also investigated in simulated body fluid (SBF) using electrochemical studies. The cell–material interaction of the dual layer coating was observed in vitro with human osteosarcoma MG63 cells for cell proliferation at 1, 4 and 7 days of incubation and in vivo in Wistar rats for 14 and 28 days of implantation. From the results it was found that the dual layer coated AZ91 Mg alloy has an optimal structure and morphology, as indicated by SEM, showing a desired surface for the osteoblast adhesion, viability and proliferation. The new ceramic coating has induced an increased adhesion strength and microhardness, improved corrosion resistance, enhanced osteoblast proliferation and inhibited the growth of cancerous cells. Therefore, based on these results, we propose a new dual layer coated AZ91 Mg alloy which satisfies the requirements in bone cancer treatment and signifies progress in the field of implant materials.