Facile synthesis of RGD peptide-modified iron oxide nanoparticles with ultrahigh relaxivity for targeted MR imaging of tumors

Abstract

We report the facile synthesis of arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) peptide-targeted iron oxide (Fe₃O₄) nanoparticles (NPs) with ultrahigh relaxivity for in vivo tumor magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. In this study, stable polyethyleneimine (PEI)-coated Fe₃O₄ NPs were first prepared by a mild reduction route. The formed aminated Fe₃O₄ NPs with PEI coating were sequentially conjugated with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FI) and polyethylene glycol (PEG)-RGD segment, followed by acetylation of the remaining PEI surface amines. The thus-formed Fe₃O₄@PEI·NHAc-FI-PEG-RGD NPs were characterized via different techniques. We show that the multifunctional RGD-targeted Fe₃O₄ NPs with a mean size of 9.1 nm are water-dispersible, colloidally stable, and hemocompatible and cytocompatible in the given concentration range. With the displayed ultrahigh r₂ relaxivity (550.04 mM⁻¹ s⁻¹) and RGD-mediated targeting specificity to α_vβ₃ integrin-overexpressing cancer cells as confirmed by flow cytometry and confocal microscopy, the developed multifunctional Fe₃O₄@PEI·NHAc-FI-PEG-RGD NPs are able to be used as a highly efficient nanoprobe for targeted MR imaging of α_vβ₃ integrin-overexpressing cancer cells in vitro and the xenografted tumor model in vivo. Given the versatile PEI amine-enabled conjugation chemistry, the developed PEI-coated Fe₃O₄ NPs may be functionalized with other biological ligands or drugs for various biomedical applications, in particular, the diagnosis and therapy of different types of cancer.