Ultrasensitive colorimetric assay of cadmium ion based on silver nanoparticles functionalized with 5-sulfosalicylic acid for wide practical applications

Abstract

Low-level cadmium ion (Cd²⁺) exposure contributes much toward the causation of chronic disease. Due to its low permissible exposure limit, overexposures may occur even in situations where trace quantities of Cd²⁺ exist. So far, no effective treatment for Cd²⁺ toxicity has been reported. Prevention of further exposure is the most important step in management of patients suggestive of Cd²⁺ intoxication. Development of sensors for Cd²⁺ is of great interest to ensure early diagnosis and improve management. We propose here a simple, low-cost (0.1$ per sample) yet very sensitive (limit of detection is 3.0 nM) and selective colorimetric assay for rapid (2 min) determination of Cd²⁺ based on 5-sulfosalicylic acid functionalized silver nanoparticles (SAA–AgNPs). This method shows excellent selectivity for Cd²⁺ over the other 16 metal ions. It is also precise and highly reproducible in determining Cd²⁺ in real samples such as tap water, milk, serum, and urine with recoveries ranging from 93 to 110%, indicating the wide practical application to samples suspected of Cd²⁺ exposure.