Self-assembled capsules based on tetrafunctionalized calix[4]resorcinarene cavitands

Abstract

Calix[4]resorcinarene-based cavitands with a bowl-shaped aromatic cavity are widely used as scaffolds for covalently bound and self-assembled capsules. There are two main categories of calix[4]resorcinarene-based cavitands that are tetrafunctionalized at the upper (wider) rim: one category includes derivatives that have functionalized bridges between pairs of hydroxy groups of the calix[4]resorcinarene, and the second category includes derivatives with functional groups at the 2-position on the resorcinol ring and the methylene bridge between pairs of hydroxy groups. This review describes capsular self-assemblies of the latter type of methylene-bridge cavitands, which are formed through hydrogen bonds, metal-coordination bonds, and dynamic covalent bonds.