Multi-stage decomposition of 5-aminotetrazole derivatives: kinetics and reaction channels for the rate-limiting steps

Abstract

The thermal behavior, decomposition kinetics and mechanisms of 1-amino-1-(tetrazol-5-yldiazenyl) guanidine (tetrazene) and 2-(tetrazol-5-yldiazenyl) guanidine (MTX-1) have been investigated using DSC, TG techniques, and quantum chemical calculations. It has been found that MTX-1 is much more stable than tetrazene and MTX-1, and both of them decompose in three steps with different kinetic parameters. Tetrazene is melted-dehydrated at 128.4 °C with a heat absorption of 50 J g⁻¹ and then it starts to decompose at around 118.6 °C with a peak temperature of 126.3 °C covered by a heat release of 1037 J g⁻¹ at a heating rate of 1.0 °C min⁻¹, while MTX-1 starts at 167.7 °C with a main peak of 191.1 °C covered by a heat change of 1829 J g⁻¹ under the same conditions. The activation energy is almost the same for their first decomposition steps (225 kJ mol⁻¹), which are controlled by a three dimensional nucleation and growth model (A3). The mechanisms of the rate-limiting steps are supported by quantum chemical calculations. They could undergo a similar rate-limiting chemical process producing 1H-tetrazole and N₂ for both cases, while the former also produces aminocyanamide and the latter produces cyanamide.