Electrochemiluminescence detection of chlorpromazine hydrochloride at bare and graphene oxide modified glassy carbon electrodes†
Abstract
The electrochemiluminescence (ECL) of Ru(bpy)32+ (bpy = 2,2β²-bipyridyl) and Ru(phen)32+ (phen = 1,10-phenanthroline) at bare and graphene oxide (GO) modified glassy carbon (GC) electrodes has been employed for the determination of chlorpromazine hydrochloride (CPZ). The ECL intensity increased gradually with the increasing concentration of CPZ under optimal conditions. For Ru(bpy)32+, a linear response was obtained over a CPZ concentration range of 1.0 Γ 10β6 to 1.0 Γ 10β4 mol Lβ1 with a detection limit of 1.0 Γ 10β8 mol Lβ1 at a bare GC electrode in phosphate buffer (pH = 7). The detection limit can be reduced further to 1.0 Γ 10β10 mol Lβ1 after the modification of GC electrode with GO. In the case of Ru(phen)32+, a linear response was acquired over a CPZ concentration range of 1.0 Γ 10β11 to 1.0 Γ 10β7 mol Lβ1, and the detection limit can be further reduced to 1.0 Γ 10β11 mol Lβ1 on the GO modified GC electrode. All these limits are much lower than those achieved with other detection methods. The proposed method was applied for the determination of spiked CPZ in human serum; the recovery was quite satisfactory with good reproducibility and stability, providing the possibility of developing an ECL detection method for CPZ.