High performance aniline vapor detection based on multi-branched fluorescent triphenylamine-benzothiadiazole derivatives: branch effect and aggregation control of the sensing performance

Abstract

A series of benzothiadiazole-pyridine branched triphenylamine derivatives TPA1BP, TPA2BP and TPA3BP have been designed and synthesized to sense aniline vapor with distinguished sensitivity, selectivity and repeatability via photoinduced electron transfer (PET). Suitable energy levels ensure the high selectivity to aniline for all three sensory materials. However, the aggregations of the three materials in the film state on a quartz substrate increase along with the branches, which highly deteriorate the sensing performance for less efficient fluorescence, lower contact area and inferior vapor penetration. The oriented ZnO nanorod array is introduced as the substrate to eliminate the aggregation and enhance the sensing performance, because of its high surface-to-volume ratio and 3D structure. Therefore, the cooperative effect that the sensing performance of TPAnBP increases with the number of branches could be observed; fluorescence intensities of the films on the nano-substrate are 34%, 45% and 54% quenched for TPA1BP, TPA2BP and TPA3BP, respectively, after exposure to 300 ppm aniline vapor for less than 5 s. Moreover, the fluorescences of all three sensory materials are almost 100% recovered by eluting with fresh air for 20 s and could be reused immediately. The detection limits are predicted to be 1 ppm for TPA1BP, 100 ppb for TPA2BP and 1 ppb for TPA3BP according to the fitted plot, demonstrating a significant cooperative effect of the molecular branches.