Abhishek
Santra
a,
Hai
Yu
a,
Nova
Tasnima
a,
Musleh M.
Muthana‡
a,
Yanhong
Li
a,
Jie
Zeng
ab,
Nicholas J.
Kenyon
c,
Angelique Y.
Louie
d and
Xi
Chen
*a
aDepartment of Chemistry, University of California, Davis One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA. E-mail: xiichen@ucdavis.edu; Fax: +1-530-752-8995; Tel: +1-530-754-6037
bSchool of Food Science, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, China
cDivision of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
dDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
First published on 17th December 2015
O-Sulfated sialyl Lewis x antigens play important roles in nature. However, due to their structural complexity, they are not readily accessible by either chemical or enzymatic synthetic processes. Taking advantage of a bacterial sialyltransferase mutant that can catalyze the transfer of different sialic acid forms from the corresponding sugar nucleotide donors to Lewis x antigens, which are fucosylated glycans, as well as an efficient one-pot multienzyme (OPME) sialylation system, O-sulfated sialyl Lewis x antigens containing different sialic acid forms and O-sulfation at different locations were systematically synthesized by chemoenzymatic methods.
Fig. 1 Structures of O-sulfated sialyl Lewis x including 6-O-sulfo-sLex (1), 6′-O-sulfo-sLex (2), and 6′, 6-di-O-sulfo-sLex (3). |
On the other hand, 6′-O-sulfo-sialyl Lewis x [6′-O-sulfo-sLex (2), Neu5Acα2-3Gal6Sβ1-4(Fucα1-3)GlcNAcβOR] with an O-sulfate group at the carbon-6 of the galactose (Gal) residue (Fig. 1),7 in addition to 6′-O-sulfo-sialyl-N-acetyllactosamine (6′-O-sulfo-sLacNAc, Neu5Acα2-3Gal6Sβ1-4GlcNAcβOR),8 was shown by glycan microarray studies to be a preferred glycan ligand for Siglec-8 and for its paralog mouse Siglec-F.9 Siglec-8 is expressed in human allergic inflammatory cells including eosinophils, mast cells, and basophils.5,10 Reducing the number of eosinophils, such as by soluble 6′-O-sulfo-sLex synthetic polymer induced apoptosis,11 has been suggested as an approach for asthma therapies.12 Furthermore, 6′-O-sulfo-sLex (2), in addition to 6′-O-sulfo-sLacNAc and 6′-O-sulfo-sialyl-lacto-N-neotetraose (6′-O-sulfo-sLNnT, Neu5Acα2-3Gal6Sβ1-4GlcNAcβ1-3Galβ1-4GlcβOR), was shown to bind to langerin,13 a C-type (Ca2+-dependent) lectin specific to Langerhans cells (immature antigen-presenting specific T cell immunity initiating dendritic cells of epidermis and mucosal tissues).14
Scheme 1 Sequential OPME synthesis of 6-O-sulfo-LexβProN3 (8) from 6-O-sulfo-GlcNAcβProN3 (7) using an OPME β1-4-galactosyl activation and transfer system for the formation of 6-O-sulfo-LacNAcβProN3 (4) followed by an OPME α1-3-fucosyl activation and transfer system for the formation of 6-O-sulfo-LexβProN3 (8). Enzymes and abbreviations: SpGalK, Streptococcus pneumoniae TIGR4 galactokinase;44 BLUSP, Bifidobacterium longum UDP-sugar pyrophosphorylase;45 PmPpA, Pasteurella multocida inorganic pyrophosphorylase;43 Hp4GalT, Helicobacter pylori β1-4-galactosyltransferase;43 BfFKP, Bacteroides fragilis bifunctional L-fucokinase/GDP-fucose pyrophosphorylase;42 and Hp3FT, Helicobacter pylori α1-3-fucosyltransferase.39,41 |
Although less efficient than Neu5Acα2-8Neu5Acα2-3LacNAc, both 6-O-sulfo-sLex (1) and 6′-O-sulfo-sLex (2) bound moderately to human Siglec-7.5 Both are present in glycosylation-dependent cell adhesion molecule 1 (GlyCAM-1), an L-selectin ligand,15 with 6′-O-sulfo-sLex (2) as the major sulfated form.16–18 Gal-6-O-sulfotransferase and GlcNAc-6-O-sulfotransferase have been found to synergistically produce L-selectin ligands. This indicates either the potential synergistic involvement of both 6-O-sulfo-sLex (1) and 6′-O-sulfo-sLex (2) or the involvement of 6′,6-di-O-sulfo-sLex (3) (Fig. 1) with O-sulfate groups at both the Gal and GlcNAc residues of sLex in L-selectin-binding.19 Human Siglec-7 and -8 have also been shown to bind more strongly to 6′,6-di-O-sulfo-sLex (3) than their mono-O-sulfated derivatives (1 and 2), while mouse Siglec-F has been shown to bind with similar strength to 6′,6-di-O-sulfo-sLex (3) and 6′-O-sulfo-sLex (2).6
The biological importance of O-sulfated sLex structures makes them attractive synthetic targets. However, the structures of these compounds are relatively complex and include synthetically challenging α2-3-linked sialic acid, which suffers from low stereoselectivity and a high 2,3-elimination rate in chemical synthesis,20–22 as well as the acid labile O-sulfate group.23,24 Chemically20,25,26 or chemoenzymatically27 synthesized Neu5Acα2-3Gal building blocks have been used as effective synthons for constructing more complex sialosides including sLex and 6-O-sulfo-sLex (1).20 Several examples of the chemical22,28 or chemoenzymatic29 synthesis of 6-O-sulfo-sLex (1) as well as the chemical synthesis of 6′-O-sulfo-sLex (2)22,30,31 and 6′,6-di-O-sulfo-sLex (3)32 have been reported. All these examples are, however, limited to compounds with the most abundant sialic acid form, N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac). Despite the presence of more than 50 different sialic acid forms identified in nature,33,34O-sulfated sLex containing a sialic acid form other than Neu5Ac has not been synthesized.
We report here the development of efficient chemoenzymatic methods for the systematic synthesis of O-sulfated sLex containing different sialic acid forms. The methods are demonstrated for representative examples of 6′-O-sulfo-sLex (1), 6-O-sulfo-sLex (2) and/or 6′,6-di-O-sulfo-sLex (3) containing the most abundant Neu5Ac form and N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc), a sialic acid form commonly found in mammals other than humans, but which can be incorporated into the human glycome from dietary sources.35
One efficient approach for the synthesis of O-sulfated sLex with different sialic acid forms would be by direct sialylation of O-sulfated Lex using one-pot multienzyme (OPME) sialylation systems36 containing an α2-3-sialyltransferase and a CMP-sialic acid synthetase (CSS),37 with or without a sialic acid aldolase.38 Such an approach has been successfully demonstrated for direct sialylation of non-sulfated Lex for the synthesis of sLex containing a diverse array of naturally occurring and non-natural sialic acid forms, using OPME systems containing a recombinant viral α2-3-sialyltransferase vST3Gal-I39 or a bacterial multifunctional sialyltransferase mutant, Pasteurella multocida α2-3-sialyltransferase 1 (PmST1) M144D.40 The latter, with a high expression level (98 mg L-1 culture, >1000-fold higher than that of vST3Gal-I) and high promiscuity in tolerating different modifications on the sialic acid in the substrates, is a superior choice for the synthesis.40 However, it is not clear whether O-sulfated Lex structures could be used with PmST1 M144D as suitable acceptors in the OPME sialylation process to produce the desired O-sulfated sLex with different sialic acid forms.
Fig. 2 Structures of chemically synthesized 6′-O-sulfo-LacNAcβProN3 (5) and 6,6′-di-O-sulfo-LacNAcβProN3 (6). |
6-O-Sulfo-LacNAcβProN3 (4) was synthesized from 6-O-sulfo-GlcNAcβProN3 (7)43 using an improved OPME galactosyl activation and transfer system (Scheme 1) containing Streptococcus pneumoniae TIGR4 galactokinase (SpGalK),44Bifidobacterium longum UDP-sugar pyrophosphorylase (BLUSP),45 PmPpA, and a Helicobacter pylori β1-4-galactosyltransferase (Hp1-4GalT or Hp4GalT).43 The EcGalK, BLUSP, and PmPpA allowed in situ formation of the donor substrate of Hp4GalT, uridine 5′-diphosphate-galactose (UDP-Gal), from monosaccharide galactose (Gal).45 It was previously shown that Hp4GalT, but not Neisseria meningitidis β1-4-galactosyltransferase (NmLgtB), was able to use 6-O-sulfated GlcNAc and derivatives as acceptor substrates for the synthesis of β1-4-linked galactosides.43 The activity of Hp4GalT in synthesizing 6-O-sulfo-LacNAcβProN3 (4) was confirmed again here using the improved OPME approach.45,46 An excellent 89% yield was obtained, comparing favourably to the previous Hp4GalT-dependent OPME β1-4-galactosylation approach (70% yield) which used Escherichia coli K-12 glucose-1-P uridylyltransferase (EcGalU), Escherichia coli UDP-galactose-4-epimerase (EcGalE), and PmPpA to produce UDP-Gal in situ from glucose-1-phosphate.43 6′-O-Sulfo-LacNAcβProN3 (5) and 6,6′-di-O-sulfo-LacNAcβProN3 (6) (Fig. 2) were chemically synthesized (see ESI†).
Among the three O-sulfated disaccharides tested, only 6-O-sulfo-LacNAcβProN3 (4) was a suitable acceptor for Hp3FT to produce the desired 6-O-sulfo-LexβProN3 (8). In contrast, 6′-O-sulfo-LacNAcβProN3 (5) and 6,6′-di-O-sulfo-LacNAcβProN3 (6) were not used efficiently by Hp3FT for the synthesis of the corresponding O-sulfated Lex derivatives. With the positive outcome in small scale reactions for fucosylation of 6-O-sulfo-LacNAcβProN3 (4), the preparative-scale synthesis of 6-O-sulfo-LexβProN3 (8) was carried out using the OP3E α1-3-fucosyl activation and transfer system (Scheme 1). A yield of 70% was obtained. The combined sequential OPME β1-4-galactosylation and OPME α1-3-fucosylation (Scheme 1) was an effective approach for obtaining 6-O-sulfo-LexβProN3 (8) from a simple monosaccharide derivative 6-O-sulfo-GlcNAcβProN3 (7) in an overall yield of 62%.
As Hp3FT was not able to use 6′-O-sulfo-LacNAcβProN3 (5) or 6,6′-di-O-sulfo-LacNAcβProN3 (6) efficiently as acceptors for fucosylation to obtain the desired Lex trisaccharides, the target trisaccharides 6′-O-sulfo-LexβProNH2 (9) and 6,6′-di-O-sulfo-LexβProNH2 (10) were chemically synthesized (Scheme 2) from monosaccharide synthons 11, 12,2713, and 14.27 Notable features of the synthetic strategy include: (a) application of an efficient general protection strategy47 for the synthesis of the two trisaccharides (i.e. similar protecting groups were used in the syntheses and the same reagents were used for their removal); (b) use of similar thioglycoside derivatives as glycosyl donors in all glycosylations; (c) high regio- and stereoselectivity in product formation; (d) one step removal of benzyl ethers and reduction of the azido group using 20% Pd(OH)2/C (Pearlman's catalyst) and H2.48 More specifically, for the synthesis of 9 and 10, two N-phthalimide glucosamine derivatives 11 and 12 selectively protected at C6 with benzyl and tert-butyldiphenylsilyl ether (TBDPS), respectively, were coupled stereoselectively with thioglycoside donor 13, which was selectively protected with TBDPS at C6, in the presence of N-iodosuccinimide (NIS) and trimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate (TMSOTf)49 in dichloromethane. Disaccharide derivatives 15 and 16 were obtained in 72% and 78% yields, respectively. The bulky N-phthalimido protecting group in acceptors 11 and 12 provides steric hindrance to the neighboring C-3 hydroxyl group and decreases the reactivity of the C-3 hydroxyl group. Therefore, glycosylation occurs regioselectively at the C-4 hydroxyl group.27 Initial attempts to glycosylate acceptors 15 and 16 in dichloromethane with 1.2 equivalents of thiophenyl fucoside 14 produced trisaccharides in alpha and beta mixtures. In contrast, stereospecific formation of trisaccharides was achieved when a mixed solvent of diethylether and dichloromethane (1:1)50,51 was employed. The reaction of acceptors 15 and 16 with 1.2 equivalents of fucosyl donor 14 produced compounds 17 and 18 in 68% and 65% yields, respectively. Compounds 17 and 18 were then subjected to a series of synthetic transformations: (a) conversion of the N-phthaloyl group to an acetamido group by removing the phthaloyl group using ethylenediamine, followed by N- and O-acetylation using acetic anhydride and pyridine; (b) HF-pyridine-mediated selective removal of the TBDPS group;52 (c) O-sulfation of the primary hydroxyl group by SO3 pyridine complex;52,53 (d) deacetylation by NaOMe in MeOH;54 and (e) hydrogenation using Pd(OH)2/C and H2 (ref. 55) to obtain the desired 6′-O-sulfo-LexβProNH2 (9) and 6,6′-di-O-sulfo-LexβProNH2 (10).
Scheme 3 PmST1 M144D-mediated one-pot two-enzyme (OP2E) sialylation of O-sulfo analogues of Lewisx. Yields obtained for O-sulfated sLex tetrasaccharides: 1a, 85%; 1b, 47%; 2a, 82%; 2b, 60%; 3a, 64%; 3b, 38%. Enzymes and abbreviations: NmCSS, Neisseria meningitidis CMP-sialic acid;37 PmST1 M144D, Pasteurella multocida α2-3-sialyltransferase 1 (PmST1) M144D mutant.40 |
Footnotes |
† Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available: Materials, experimental details of the synthesis, analytical data of 4–10, 1a–3a, and 1b–3b, and NMR spectra of synthesized compounds. See DOI: 10.1039/c5sc04104j |
‡ Current address: Children's National Medical Center, Washington DC, 20010, USA. |
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