Selenium-containing BODIPY dyes as photosensitizers for triplet–triplet annihilation upconversion

Abstract

In this study, two new selenium-containing BODIPY dyes were synthesized as photosensitizers for triplet–triplet annihilation upconversion (TTA-UC). Bis(phenylselanyl)-BODIPY 1 absorbed visible light at 518 nm (ε_max = 7.84 × 10⁴ cm⁻¹ M⁻¹) and exhibited fluorescence at 594 nm with a low fluorescence quantum yield (Φ_F) of 0.03. The low Φ_F value was ascribed to heavy atom effects. When a TTA-UC system comprising 1 and the triplet acceptor perylene was set up, a purplish white emission was observed with a significant anti-Stokes shift of 77 nm and a high UC quantum yield (Φ_UC′) of 17% in CH₂Cl₂. Notably, the intramolecular charge transfer of 1 enabled us to tune the emission color of the TTA-UC system. On the other hand, the use of selenophene derivative 2 as a sensitizer instead of 1 led to a decrease in the UC efficiency. The relationship between structure and sensitizer properties in the TTA-UC system is discussed herein.