Pd/Cu bimetallic nanoparticles embedded in macroporous ion-exchange resins: an excellent heterogeneous catalyst for the Sonogashira reaction

Abstract

Cationic and macroporous amberlite resins with formate (HCOO⁻) as the counter anion (ARF) have been used to prepare a new class of heterogeneous Pd/Cu bimetallic composite nanoparticles (NPs) (Pd/Cu–ARF). The physicochemical characteristics of Pd/Cu–ARF were examined with the help of FTIR spectroscopy, X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). XRD and TEM showed the existence of composite NPs made of metallic Pd, PdO and CuO. The TEM analysis revealed fairly uniform distributions of composite NPs of average size ∼4.9 nm. The as-synthesized nanocomposite material (Pd/Cu–ARF) exhibited high catalytic activity in the Sonogashira cross-coupling reaction between aryl iodide and terminal alkynes. Heterogeneity of the catalytic activity was evidenced from different tests (hot-filtration and catalyst-poisoning experiments) and the recycling ability of the catalyst was examined for five consecutive runs without any significant loss of activity.