Tandem redox mediator/Ni(ii) trihalide complex photocycle for hydrogen evolution from HCl

Abstract

Photoactivation of M–X bonds is a challenge for photochemical HX splitting, particularly with first-row transition metal complexes because of short intrinsic excited state lifetimes. Herein, we report a tandem H₂ photocycle based on combination of a non-basic photoredox phosphine mediator and nickel metal catalyst. Synthetic studies and time-resolved photochemical studies have revealed that phosphines serve as photochemical H-atom donors to Ni(II) trihalide complexes to deliver a Ni(I) centre. The H₂ evolution catalytic cycle is closed by sequential disproportionation of Ni(I) to afford Ni(0) and Ni(II) and protolytic H₂ evolution from the Ni(0) intermediate. The results of these investigations suggest that H₂ photogeneration proceeds by two sequential catalytic cycles: a photoredox cycle catalyzed by phosphines and an H₂-evolution cycle catalyzed by Ni complexes to circumvent challenges of photochemistry with first-row transition metal complexes.