Artificial daylight photodynamic therapy with “non-inflammatory” doses of hexyl aminolevulinate only marginally delays SCC development in UV-exposed hairless mice

Abstract

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is effective for actinic keratoses, but is associated with pain and post-treatment inflammation. Daylight-mediated PDT and PpIX-precursors at low concentrations reduce pain and inflammation intensity. The objective was to evaluate the effect of repeated low-concentration PDT combined with artificial daylight on SCC development. Mice (n = 265) were exposed to simulated solar UV-irradiation (UVR) 3 times weekly mimicking “summer-dose”-exposure (3 SED). Selected groups of mice received a “winter-dose”-exposure (0.6 SED) for the first 90 days. PDT was delivered with 0.1%, 0.05% and 0.02% hexyl aminolevulinate (HAL) cream and artificial daylight for 2.5 hours (6 J cm⁻²) in different treatment regimes (1–3 times weekly, 45-days intervals, days 1–180 and from day 180 onwards). The primary end-point was the time to first SCC (1 mm diameter). 0.1% HAL-PDT given 3 times weekly slightly delayed SCC development and induced minimal inflammation. In winter- and summer UVR-treatment regimes, 0.1% HAL PDT delayed the time to first SCC compared to control UVR and placebo-PDT when mice were PDT-treated on days 1–180 (median 213 vs. 199 days, p = 0.011) and from day 180 onwards (median 218 vs. 199 days, p = 0.006). PDT with 0.05% and 0.02% HAL did not influence SCC development (medians 206 days, p = ns). In summer UVR-exposed mice, 0.1% HAL-PDT marginally postponed the time to first SCC compared to control UVR (median 160 days) when treatments were given 3 times weekly for 180 days (median 166, p = 0.01), but not for 90 days (median 161, p = 0.112). In conclusion, repeated low-concentration HAL-PDT combined with artificial daylight is well-tolerated, but only marginally delays SCC development in mice.