Understanding the cooperative NHC/LA catalysis for stereoselective annulation reactions with homoenolates. A DFT study

Abstract

The role of Ti(Oi-Pr)₄ Lewis acid (LA) in the cooperative N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC)/LA catalyzed addition of enals to enones to yield cis-cyclopentenes has been investigated using DFT methods at the B3LYP/6-31G** computational level. Ti(IV) effectively catalyzes the reaction by formation of a complex with cinnamaldehyde 1, which favors the nucleophilic attack of NHC 5 on 1, and the subsequent proton abstraction to yield the extended Ti(IV)–Breslow intermediate 21. The nature of the metal involved in the LA catalyst plays a relevant role due to the more basic character of NHCs than aldehydes. Thus, strong LAs, such as Zn(OTf)₂, prevent the catalytic behavior of NHCs to form a very stable complex. The subsequent formation of a complex between chalcone 2 and the extended Ti(IV)–Breslow intermediate 21 favors the cis stereoselective C–C bond-formation. Analysis of the structures of Ti(IV)–complex precursors for the cis and trans C–C bond-formation steps allows for an explanation of the unexpected cis stereoselectivity.