Toward atomic resolution diffractive imaging of isolated molecules with X-ray free-electron lasers

S. Stern; L. Holmegaard; F. Filsinger; A. Rouzée; A. Rudenko; P. Johnsson; A. V. Martin; A. Barty; C. Bostedt; J. Bozek; R. Coffee; S. Epp; B. Erk; L. Foucar; R. Hartmann; N. Kimmel; K-U. Kühnel; J. Maurer; M. Messerschmidt; B. Rudek; D. Starodub; J. Thøgersen; G. Weidenspointner; T. A. White; H. Stapelfeldt; D. Rolles; H. N. Chapman; J. Küpper

doi:10.1039/C4FD00028E

Toward atomic resolution diffractive imaging of isolated molecules with X-ray free-electron lasers

S. Stern,†^ab L. Holmegaard,^ae F. Filsinger,‡^fg A. Rouzée,^hi A. Rudenko,^gjk P. Johnsson,^l A. V. Martin,§^a A. Barty,^a C. Bostedt,^m J. Bozek,^m R. Coffee,^m S. Epp,^gj B. Erk,^cgj L. Foucar,^gn R. Hartmann,^o N. Kimmel,^p K-U. Kühnel,^j J. Maurer,^e M. Messerschmidt,^m B. Rudek,¶^gj D. Starodub,||^q J. Thøgersen,^e G. Weidenspointner,**^pr T. A. White,^a H. Stapelfeldt,^es D. Rolles,^cgn H. N. Chapman^abd and J. Küpper*^abd

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* Corresponding authors

^a Center for Free-Electron Laser Science (CFEL), Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
E-mail: jochen.kuepper@cfel.de, stephan.stern@desy.de
Web: http://desy.cfel.de/cid/cmi

^b Department of Physics, University of Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany

^c Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany

^d The Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging, University of Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany

^e Aarhus University, Department of Chemistry, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark

^f Fritz Haber Institute of the MPG, Faradayweg 4–6, 14195 Berlin, Germany

^g Max Planck Advanced Study Group at CFEL, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany

^h FOM Institute AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands

ⁱ Max-Born-Institute, Max Born Str. 2a, 12489 Berlin, Germany

^j Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany

^k J. R. Macdonald Laboratory, Department of Physics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA

^l Lund University, Department of Physics, P. O. Box 118, 22100 Lund, Sweden

^m Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA

ⁿ Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany

^o PNSensor GmbH, 81739 Munich, Germany

^p Max Planck Semiconductor Laboratory, 81739 Munich, Germany

^q Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA

^r Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, 85741 Garching, Germany

^s Aarhus University, Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark

Abstract

We give a detailed account of the theoretical analysis and the experimental results of an X-ray-diffraction experiment on quantum-state selected and strongly laser-aligned gas-phase ensembles of the prototypical large asymmetric rotor molecule 2,5-diiodobenzonitrile, performed at the Linac Coherent Light Source [Phys. Rev. Lett.112, 083002 (2014)]. This experiment is the first step toward coherent diffractive imaging of structures and structural dynamics of isolated molecules at atomic resolution, i.e., picometers and femtoseconds, using X-ray free-electron lasers.

This article is part of the themed collection: Emerging Photon Technologies for Chemical Dynamics

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Toward atomic resolution diffractive imaging of isolated molecules with X-ray free-electron lasers

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