Density functional theory studies of the mechanistic aspects of olefinmetathesis reactions

Abstract

The potential energy surfaces of the reactions of Cl₄MCH₂ (M = Cr, Mo, W, Ru, Re) with ethylene, models of potential chain-carrying catalysts and olefins respectively in the transition metal-catalyzed olefin metathesis reaction, have been explored using density functional theory at the B3LYP/LACVP* level of theory. In Cl₄MCH₂ (M = Cr, Ru), the carbenoid complexes Cl₃MCH₂–Cl have been found to be more stable than the corresponding carbene Cl₄MCH₂ complexes whereas in Cl₄MCH₂ (M = Mo, W, Re) the carbene complexes are more stable than the carbenoid complexes. The carbenoid complexes have been found not to favor the formation of metallacyclobutanes, a key step in the olefin metathesis reaction according to the Herrison–Chauvin mechanism, indicating that the active species for the metathesis reaction is a carbene complex and not a carbenoid complex. Therefore, even though the formation of metallacyclobutanes through formal [2+2] cycloaddition has been found to be a low-barrier process with each of the metal carbene complexes investigated, metathesis is likely to occur only in Cl₄MCH₂(M = Mo, W, Re) but not in Cl₄MCH₂(M = Cr, Ru) since the reaction surface in the latter complexes is likely to be populated by the carbenoid complex rather than the carbene complex. In Cl₄WCH₂ the kinetic and thermodynamic preference of the productive [2+2] pathway leading to the metallacyclobutane over the [3+2] pathway is unambiguous whereas in Cl₄MoCH₂ the [3+2] pathway is likely to be competitive with the [2+2] pathway. The metallacyclobutane formation in W and Re has been found to have lower barriers than in Mo, suggesting that the W and Re complexes may have a greater metathesis activity than the Mo complex.