Interplay of proton and electron transfer to determine concerted behavior in the proton-coupled electron transfer of glutathione oxidation

Abstract

Glutathione (GSH), whose thiol group dictates its redox chemistry, is oxidized to the thiyl radical (GS˙), which rapidly dimerizes to GSSG. Previously, we found that the oxidation rate of GSH by IrCl₆²⁻ depends on the base (B) concentration and the pK_a of its conjugate acid BH⁺, so that collateral to a stepwise mechanism, the concerted pathway GSH + IrCl₆²⁻ + B = GS˙ + IrCl₆³⁻ + BH⁺ was proposed as the rate determining step. Herein, this investigation is extended to include oxidant-base pairs that render exothermic and endothermic conditions of ΔG°′ for electron transfer (ET) and proton transfer (PT). Experiments were conducted by the reaction of GSH with an electrogenerated oxidant M⁺ and using digital simulations to infer the mechanism. Data analysis shows that despite parallel mechanisms, the concerted one seems to predominate for the oxidant-base pair that renders the most isoenergetic coupled state, whereby a PT with is capable of producing an ET with , as a result of the Nernstian shift of with pK_a. In contrast, the stepwise PT–ET appears to dominate when GS⁻ grows in stability as becomes more negative. Understanding the interplay between ET and PT will help in the design of catalysts for energy harvesting processes that rely on proton-coupled electron transfer.