From charge transfer to electron transfer in halogen-bonded complexes of electrophilic bromocarbons with halide anions

Abstract

Experimental and computational studies of the halogen-bonded complexes, [R–Br, X⁻], of bromosubstituted electrophiles, R–Br, and halide anions, X⁻, revealed that decrease of a gap between the frontier orbitals of interacting species led to reduction of the energy of the optical charge-transfer transition and to increase in the ground-state charge transfer (X⁻ → R–Br) in their associates. These variations were accompanied by weakening of the intramolecular, C–Br, and strengthening of the intermolecular, Br⋯X⁻, bonds. In the limit of the strongest electron donor–acceptor pairs, formation of the halogen-bonded complexes was followed by the oxidation of iodide to triiodide, which took place despite the fact that the I⁻ → R–Br electron-transfer step was highly endergonic and the calculated outer-sphere rate constant was negligibly small. However, the calculated barrier for the inner-sphere electron transfer accompanied by the halogen transfer, R–Br⋯I⁻ → R˙⋯Br–I⁻˙, was nearly 24 kcal mol⁻¹ lower as compared to that calculated for the outer-sphere process and the rate constant of such reaction was consistent with the experimental kinetics. A dramatic decrease of the electron-transfer barriers (leading to 18-orders of magnitude increase of the rate constant) was related to the strong electronic coupling of the donor and acceptor within the halogen-bonded precursor complex, as well as to the lower solvent reorganization energy and the successor-complex stabilization.