A chemiluminescence method for the determination of verapamil hydrochloride in pharmaceutical and environmental samples based on an Fe3O4 nanoparticles enhanced NaHCO3–H2O2 system

Abstract

In this work, an Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles (NPs)-enhanced chemiluminescence (CL) method was developed for the determination of verapamil hydrochloride (VRP). To this aim, a quick precipitation method was employed to synthesize Fe₃O₄ NPs. The synthesised Fe₃O₄ NPs were then characterized by using techniques including Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It was found that the Fe₃O₄ NPs were able to enhance the NaHCO₃–H₂O₂ CL reaction. In addition, it was shown that VRP had an inhibitory effect on the Fe₃O₄ NPs–NaHCO₃–H₂O₂ system in such a way that the CL intensity was inversely proportional to the concentration of VRP. These findings were used for the establishment of a new, green, simple and sensitive CL analytical method for VRP with a linear dynamic range of 5.0 × 10⁻⁶ to 1.0 × 10⁻³ mol L⁻¹, a correlation coefficient (r²) of 0.99 and a limit of detection of 2.8 × 10⁻⁶ mol L⁻¹. The CL method was successfully used for the determination of VRP in pharmaceutical formulations.