Quartz crystal microbalance immunosensor for highly sensitive 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin detection in fly ash from municipal solid waste incinerators

Abstract

A quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) immunosensor was developed for the detection of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxins (TCDD) in environmental pollutants. An anti-TCDD antibody was immobilized on the gold surface of the QCM via chemical coupling, and its immunologic activity was then maintained by treatment with an artificial stabilizing reagent such as poly(2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine-co-n-butyl methacrylate). A competitive immunoreaction with TCDD conjugated ovalbumin (TCDD–ovalbumin) was used to detect TCDD. A calibration curve was obtained through the competitive immunoreaction, and linearity was shown from 100 ng mL⁻¹ to 0.1 ng mL⁻¹. Also, the cross-reactivities of the anti-TCDD monoclonal antibody were thoroughly evaluated with several TCDD derivatives. The relationships between GC-MS, ELISA, and QCM were compared using fly ash samples from a municipal solid waste, which were prepared using an accelerated solvent extractor. For 23 samples, the experimental relationship between the TCDD concentration by QCM vs. the TCDD concentration by ELISA was y = 1.07x + 2.70, r = 0.99, and the TCDD concentration by QCM vs. the toxic equivalent quantity (TEQ) value by GC-MS was y = 2.46x − 14.98, r = 0.89.