Recent Progress of Flexible and Wearable Ultrasound Electronics: Fabrication Techniques and Applications in Healthcare

Abstract

Ultrasound plays an increasingly important role in the medical field due to its non-invasive nature, real-time imaging capabilities, and absence of radiation exposure. Traditional rigid ultrasound probes face constraints in terms of portability, operator reliance, continuous monitoring and comfort. The rise of flexible electronics and micro-nano fabrication techniques offers a solution by enabling the development of flexible and wearable ultrasound electronics. These devices enhance portability, enable continuous monitoring, and facilitate real-time diagnostics without requiring skilled operators. This review provides an overview of the working mechanisms and then discusses the key fabrication techniques and applications of flexible and wearable ultrasound electronics in healthcare over several years. Specifically, it covers the key fabrication techniques employed, including the fabrication of flexible substrates, electrical interconnections, piezoelectric materials, and device encapsulation. Additionally, their use in diagnostic ultrasound, such as blood-pressure monitoring, exercise status monitoring, and deep-tissue imaging, as well as therapeutic ultrasound, is highlighted. Finally, the challenges and future perspectives of flexible and wearable ultrasound electronics are also discussed, paving the way for more accessible and intelligent healthcare.