Lattice-coherent interface-reinforced sodium-layered oxide cathodes

Abstract

Sodium-layered transition metal oxide (Na_xTMO₂) is recognized as a promising cathode material for high energy density sodium ion batteries (SIBs). Nevertheless, its practical implementation is hindered by persistent issues such as structural degradation, sluggish Na⁺ diffusion kinetics, and air sensitivity. To counteract these drawbacks, a lattice-coherent interface is employed to reform Na_xTMO₂. Herein, recent progress related to the construction of lattice-coherent interfaces in Na_xTMO₂ cathodes is summarized in this review, including bi-phase and tri-phase heterostructures. The constraining of interlayer sliding and phase structure degradation as a result of the high thermodynamic energy barrier originating from the lattice-coherent interface is comprehensively analyzed. The ion transport kinetics and moisture stability of Na_xTMO₂ with regard to the lattice-coherent interface are also disscussed in depth. The relationships between the interface interlocking heterostructure in the lattice and electrochemical performance are elucidated. To explore the lattice-coherent configuration, we emphasized AI and state-of-the-art in situ characterization techniques during the design and construction of Na_xTMO₂ cathodes. These insights are expected to establish a new design paradigm for high-performance layered cathode materials for SIBs.