Harnessing inhomogeneous π-aggregates: A new path to optical modulation in methyl salicylate-based solvent-free liquids

Abstract

Liquids are characterized by macroscopic isotropy and homogeneity, yet they can exhibit the ability to self-organize at the molecular level. Driven by intermolecular forces such as Coulombic and dispersion interactions, the constituent molecules spontaneously form locally heterogeneous structures. This behavior highlights the dynamic complexity and inherent adaptability of liquid systems. We found that methyl salicylate (MS), a colourless liquid, transforms into a vivid yellow liquid with distinct absorption and fluorescence spectral characteristics when an alkoxy chain with a carbon number of four to seven is attached to the 5-position of MS. This phonomenon suggests the presence of microscopic local sturctures in the liquids, where π-electrons are delocalized across multiple MS molecules. X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements supported this interpretation by indicating aggregates in the 10–15 Å range, composed of about three to five MS molecules arranged in a face-to-face π-stacking configuration. When the alkylated MS liquids are heated from temperatures below their glass transition temperature, they exhibit the property of crystallizing from a supercooled liquid state, known as cold crystallization. Furthermore, free-volume analysis using positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS) suggested that the yellow liquids have fewer free-volume regions compared to the unsubstituted MS colourless liquid. Consistent with these findings, time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy of the neat yellow liquids revealed a relatively longer lifetime of 20 ns, which is likely attributable to fluorescence from π-aggregates, distinct from the 0.5 ns shorter lifetime component observed for single molecules in diluted solutions. All of these results support the presence of π-aggregates, which contribute to the colour and fluorescence of the liquids. Supramolecular aggregates in liquids have been studied both experimentally and theoretically; however, the alkoxylated MS liquids represent the first example in which they significantly affect the optical properties of the liquids.