Aligning platinum recycling with hydrogen economy growth: a comparative LCA of hydrometallurgical and pyrometallurgical methods

Abstract

In the transition to renewable energy systems, the demand for proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) is increasing, highlighting the need for sustainable platinum (Pt) recycling methods. This study combines future hydrogen demand projections with life cycle assessment (LCA) to compare the environmental impacts of hydrometallurgical and pyrometallurgical Pt recycling routes. Hydrometallurgical recycling was found to have a global warming potential (GWP) impact of 88.35 kg CO₂-eq per kg Pt, significantly lower than the 639 kg CO₂-eq per kg Pt associated with current pyrometallurgical methods. Utilising Integrated Assessment Models (IAM) and LCA methodologies, the research shows that introducing hydrometallurgical recycling by 2030–2035 could reduce cumulative GWP by 24–36%, subject to the rate of PEMFC market growth. Delaying implementation until 2040 still achieves a 19–22% reduction but misses the optimal window for environmental benefit. The study underscores the importance of developing efficient recycling processes to align with the projected growth in PEMFC demand, thereby reducing the GWP and enhancing sustainable material management. The study provides a forward-looking framework for policymakers and industry to prioritise low-carbon recycling technologies, supporting circular economy goals and reducing the environmental burden of critical material use in clean energy systems.