Na3V2(PO4)3-decorated Na3V2(PO4)2F3 as a high-rate and cycle-stable cathode material for sodium ion batteries

Abstract

Since Na₃V₂(PO₄)₃ (NVP) possesses modest volume deformation and three-dimensional ion diffusion channels, it is a potential sodium-ion battery cathode material that has been extensively researched. Nonetheless, NVP still endures the consequences of poor electronic conductivity and low voltage platforms, which need to be further improved. On this basis, a high voltage platform Na₃V₂(PO₄)₂F₃ was introduced to form a composite with NVP to increase the energy density. In this study, the sol–gel technique was successfully used to synthesize a Na₃V₂(PO₄)_2.75F_0.75/C (NVPF·3NVP/C) composite cathode material. The citric acid-derived carbon layer was utilized to construct three-dimensional conducting networks to effectively promote ion and electron diffusion. Furthermore, the composites' synergistic effect accelerates the quick ionic migration and improves the kinetic reaction. In particular, NVP as the dominant phase enhanced the structural stability and significantly increased the capacitive contribution. Therefore, at 0.1C, the discharge capacity of the modified NVPF·3NVP/C composite is 120.7 mA h g⁻¹, which is greater than the theoretical discharge capacity of pure NVP (118 mA h g⁻¹). It discharged 110.9 mA h g⁻¹ of reversible capacity even at an elevated multiplicity of 10C, and after 200 cycles, it retained 64.1% of its capacity. Thus, the effort produced an optimized NVPF·3NVP/C composite cathode material that may be used in the sodium ion cathode.