Magnetic Pd–Fe nanoparticles for sustainable Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling reactions

Abstract

The development of palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions has been revolutionized by bimetallic co-catalysis and magnetic separation techniques, which address the dual challenges of reducing the reliance on palladium (Pd) and advancing sustainable chemistry practices. Herein, we report the eco-efficient synthesis of magnetic Pd–Fe bimetallic nanoparticles (Pd–Fe@Fe₃O₄) via solvothermal reduction that circumvents the use of extraneous reducing agents or surfactants. Utilizing substoichiometric Pd(OAc)₂ and Fe(CO)₅ precursors in the presence of Fe₃O₄, we achieve the in situ generation of Pd–Fe@Fe₃O₄. Comprehensive characterization by TEM, XPS, EDS, SEM, and FT-IR spectroscopy confirms the nanoparticle architecture. The catalytic prowess is showcased in gram-scale Suzuki–Miyaura couplings, efficiently coupling aryl bromides and iodides without necessitating ligands. The inherent magnetic properties of the catalyst permit facile magnetic separation and recyclability, thus driving the dual objectives of catalytic excellence and environmental stewardship. This work sets a precedent in the sustainable advancement of Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions for high-impact applications.