Combination of isotope dilution with liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry for the simultaneous monitoring and evaluation of cadmium and inorganic arsenic in polished rice

Abstract

A new monitoring and evaluation technique for cadmium (Cd) and inorganic arsenic (i-As) in rice was developed, where the isotope dilution (ID) method was applied in combination with high performance liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LC-ICP-MS), following heat-assisted extraction. Cadmium and i-As in a rice sample were extracted using the HNO₃–H₂O₂ extractant, and an appropriate amount of enriched ¹¹¹Cd was spiked into it. Cadmium and As species were measured simultaneously by LC-ICP-MS. The cadmium concentration was calculated from the isotope dilution analysis, and i-As was determined by the comparison (1 point calibration) method using additional ¹¹¹Cd as an internal standard. The proposed method provides accurate and precise determination of Cd based on the isotope dilution analysis. Moreover, it can be applied to a rapid screening test to find contaminated rice samples, by means of monitoring the intensity ratios of natural ¹¹¹Cd and i-As to the additional ¹¹¹Cd. The developed technique was applied to analyzing multiple rice reference materials, and the measurement results of Cd and i-As agreed with the certified values within the uncertainty range. It is noted that the grain size of rice samples does not affect the extraction data, when the rice sample is crushed into powder less than 850 μm. The proposed method was very useful for the monitoring and evaluation of Cd and i-As in rice as a precise analytical method as well as a screening method.