Issue 29, 2023

Glycolipids from the gut symbiont Bacteroides fragilis are agonists for natural killer T cells and induce their regulatory differentiation

Abstract

Natural Killer T (NKT) cells are a lipid-antigen reactive T cell subset that is restricted to the antigen presenting molecule CD1d. They possess diverse functional properties that contribute to inflammatory and regulatory immune responses. The most studied lipid antigen target for these T cells is α-galactosylceramide (αGC). The commensal organism Bacteroides fragilis (B. fragilis) produces several forms of αGC, but conflicting information exists about the influence of these lipids on NKT cells. Herein, we report the total synthesis of a major form of αGC from B. fragilis (Bf αGC), and several analogues thereof. We confirm the T cell receptor (TCR)-mediated recognition of these glycolipids by mouse and human NKT cells. Despite the natural structure of Bf αGC containing lipid branching that limits potency, we demonstrate that Bf αGC drives mouse NKT cells to proliferate and differentiate into producers of the immunoregulatory cytokine, interleukin-10 (IL-10). These Bf αGC-experienced NKT cells display regulatory function by inhibiting the expansion of naïve NKT cells upon subsequent exposure to this antigen. Moreover, this regulatory activity impacts more than just NKT cells, as demonstrated by the NKT cell-mediated inhibition of antigen-stimulated mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells (a T cell subset restricted to a different antigen presenting molecule, MR1). These findings reveal that B. fragilis-derived NKT cell agonists may have broad immunoregulatory activity, providing insight into the mechanisms influencing immune tolerance to commensal bacteria and highlighting a potential means to manipulate NKT cell function for therapeutic benefit.

Graphical abstract: Glycolipids from the gut symbiont Bacteroides fragilis are agonists for natural killer T cells and induce their regulatory differentiation

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Article information

Article type
Edge Article
Submitted
25 Apr 2023
Accepted
26 May 2023
First published
27 May 2023
This article is Open Access

All publication charges for this article have been paid for by the Royal Society of Chemistry
Creative Commons BY-NC license

Chem. Sci., 2023,14, 7887-7896

Glycolipids from the gut symbiont Bacteroides fragilis are agonists for natural killer T cells and induce their regulatory differentiation

G. Cameron, T. Nguyen, M. Ciula, S. J. Williams and D. I. Godfrey, Chem. Sci., 2023, 14, 7887 DOI: 10.1039/D3SC02124F

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