A separator rich in SnF2 and NO3− directs an ultra-stable interface toward high performance Li metal batteries

Abstract

Li metal batteries (LMBs) possess impressive application perspectives in energy storage, but are largely constrained by unsustainable lifespan and uncontrolled dendrite growth triggered by inhomogeneous and unstable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI). In this work, we conceived a SnF₂ and NO₃⁻-rich separator (PCS) by coating PP with a SnF₂-encapsulated and NO₃⁻-rich covalent organic framework (EB-COF:NO₃@SnF₂). It is demonstrated that the SnF₂ and NO₃⁻ enrichment in PCS positively engages in the development of stable SEI by generating beneficial species including Li₅Sn₂ alloy, LiF, LiN_xO_y and Li₃N, which endow the SEI with faster Li⁺ conductivity as well as reinforced stability, finally achieving high performance LMBs. With the application of PCS, Li symmetric cells endure a high current density and Li deposition capacity of 15 mA cm⁻² and 30 mA h cm⁻², respectively, while the performance of Li//NCM811 full cells is comprehensively improved, even sustaining stable cycling under conditions such as high temperatures (60 °C), high voltage (4.5 V), low N/P ratio (1.3) and lean electrolyte content, which proves the practicality of PCS for LMBs.