Issue 5, 2023

Fundamentals of Li/CFx battery design and application

Abstract

Li/fluorinated carbon (Li/CFx) batteries are promising systems with ultrahigh energy density and long storage life. They are particularly suitable for emerging applications in military equipment, interventional medical devices, and spacecrafts. Research on Li/CFx batteries is at a critical point, transitioning from small- to large-scale applications. Therefore, efforts should be made to improve the performance of Li/CFx batteries. Herein, we comprehensively review Li/CFx batteries and provide a panoramic view of battery design, ranging from electrochemical mechanism to material synthesis, summarise the synthesis–structure–performance relationship, and propose an energy-guided strategy for CFx implementation. A particular emphasis was placed on practicality. Therefore, battery-level solutions are introduced herein, including the effects of the electrolyte and electrode architecture on battery performance. In addition, new applications of Li/CFx batteries as rechargeable batteries and state-of-the-art progress reports have been highlighted. Finally, we present our perspectives on several field-related issues that warrant further investigation.

Graphical abstract: Fundamentals of Li/CFx battery design and application

Supplementary files

Article information

Article type
Review Article
Submitted
28 Dec 2022
Accepted
12 Apr 2023
First published
15 Apr 2023

Energy Environ. Sci., 2023,16, 1907-1942

Fundamentals of Li/CFx battery design and application

S. Zhang, L. Kong, Y. Li, C. Peng and W. Feng, Energy Environ. Sci., 2023, 16, 1907 DOI: 10.1039/D2EE04179K

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