Application potential of biogenically synthesized silver nanoparticles using Lythrum salicaria L. extracts as pharmaceuticals and catalysts for organic pollutant degradation

Abstract

This study was designed to evaluate the optimal conditions for the eco-friendly synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using Lythrum salicaria L. (Lythraceae) aqueous extracts and their potential application and safe use. AgNPs synthesized using L. salicaria aerial parts (LSA-AgNPs) and root extract (LSR-AgNPs) were characterized by UV-Vis spectrophotometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM/EDS), and X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD). Dynamic light scattering (DLS) was used for the determination of the size distribution profiles of the obtained nanoparticles. Both L. salicaria extracts showed high phenolic content, while the flavone C-glucosides orientin, vitexin, and isovitexin were detected in extracts using HPLC. The synthesized AgNPs displayed growth inhibition of the tested bacteria and fungi in concentrations between 0.156 and 1.25 mg mL⁻¹. The studied nanoparticles also showed antioxidant potential and gained selectivity at different concentrations on different cancer cell lines. Concentrations of LSA-AgNPs were found to be 20.5 and 12 μg mL⁻¹ towards A431 and SVT2, respectively, while LSR-AgNPs were effective only against A431 cancer cells (62 μg mL⁻¹). The hemolytic activity of LSA-AgNPs in concentrations up to 150 μg mL⁻¹ was not observed, while LSR-AgNPs in the highest applied concentration hemolyzed 2.8% of erythrocytes. The degradation possibility of Congo red and 4-nitrophenol using LSA-AgNPs and LSR-AgNPs as catalysts was also proven. The results indicate that L. salicaria may be used for the eco-friendly synthesis of AgNPs with possible applications as antimicrobial and selective cytotoxic agents towards cancer cell lines, as well as in catalytic degradation of pollutants.