A metformin-based nanoreactor alleviates hypoxia and reduces ATP for cancer synergistic therapy

Abstract

Severe hypoxia in solid tumors limits the efficacy of oxygen (O₂)-dependent photodynamic therapy (PDT). The overexpressed heat shock proteins (HSPs) in tumor cells hamper the effect of photothermal therapy (PTT). Herein, a tumor oxygenation-enhanced and ATP-reduced gelatin nanoreactor (MCGPD ∼ RGD NPs) for PDT/PTT-augmented combination cancer therapy is reported. In this nanosystem, the Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) peptides of MCGPD ∼ RGD NPs can ensure accurate recognition and sufficient accumulation in the tumor site. After accumulation, doxorubicin (DOX) can be released from MCGPD ∼ RGD NPs in a mild acidic tumor microenvironment (TME) for highly efficient chemotherapy. Upon 808 nm laser irradiation, the overexpressed matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) in the TME and the heat produced from the PDA coating trigger Gel NP degradation to expose chlorin e6 (Ce6) and Met from the cavity of MCGPD ∼ RGD NPs. The exposed Met elevates the O₂ content and reduces ATP production in tumor sites to spur the successful O₂-dependent PDT and HSP-mediated PTT. The heat generated by the PDA coating directly kills the tumor cells to ensure PTT and amplifies the chemotherapeutic effect. In vitro and in vivo assays indicate that MCGPD ∼ RGD NPs have excellent ability to promote cell apoptosis and to inhibit tumor growth. Overall, this smart responsive hydrogel nanosystem with hypoxia-relieving capacity and ATP-decreasing performance provides a promising strategy against cancer.