Synthesis, characterization and properties of nitrogen-rich compounds based on cyanuric acid: a promising design in the development of new energetic materials

Abstract

Nitrogen-rich compounds such as ammonium (1), hydrazinium (2), aminoguanidinium (3), diaminoguanidinium (4), triaminoguanidinium (5), aminonitroguanidinium (6), aminocarbonylguanidinium (7), and metforminium (8), based on a nitrogen-rich anion [CA⁻ (N% = 32.55%, CA = cyanuric acid) and co-crystal 5-amino-1H-tetrazole based on CA (9) were synthesized by means of metathesis reactions. The crystal structures of compounds 2, 4, and 9·H₂O were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction and fully characterized by UV-vis, FT-IR, ¹H NMR, MS and elemental analysis. The thermal stabilities were investigated by differential thermal analysis (DTA) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The DTA results show that all compounds exhibit high thermal stabilities. Additionally, the heats of formation were calculated by using the B3LYP functional with the 6-311++G** basis set and a Born–Haber energy cycle. Theoretical calculations provided detonation pressures and velocities of the energetic salts within the range of 16.88–30.71 GPa and 6276.5–8392.1 m s⁻¹, respectively. Impact sensitivities of the compounds were determined by the Fall hammer test. All compounds show insensitive impact sensitivities of >60 J, which are better than those of TATB (50 J).