Far-field optical nanothermometry using individual sub-50 nm upconverting nanoparticles

Abstract

We demonstrate far-field optical thermometry using individual NaYF₄ nanoparticles doped with 2% Er³⁺ and 20% Yb³⁺. Isolated 20 × 20 × 40 nm³ particles were identified using only far-field optical imaging, confirmed by subsequent scanning electron microscopy. The luminescence thermometry response for five such single particles was characterized for temperatures from 300 K to 400 K. A standard Arrhenius model widely used for larger particles can still be accurately applied to these sub-50 nm particles, with good particle-to-particle uniformity (response coefficients exhibited standard deviations below 5%). With its spatial resolution on the order of 50 nm when imaging a single particle, far below the diffraction limit, this technique has potential applications for both fundamental thermal measurements and nanoscale metrology in industrial applications.