High performance optical oxygen sensors based on iridium complexes exhibiting interchromophore energy shuttling

Abstract

A doubly pyrene-grafted bis-cyclometallated iridium complex with engineered electronically excited states demonstrates reversible electronic energy transfer between adjacent chromophores giving rise to extremely long-lived red luminescence in solution (τ = 480 μs). Time-resolved spectroscopic studies afforded determination of pertinent photophysical parameters including rates of energy transfer and energy distribution between constituent chromophores in the equilibrated excited molecule (ca. 98% on the organic chromophores). Incorporation into a nanostructured metal–oxide matrix (AP200/19) gave highly sensitive O₂ sensing films, as the detection sensitivity was 200–300% higher than with the commonly used PtTFPP and approaches the sensitivity of the best O₂-sensing dyes reported to date.