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Understanding intermolecular C–F bond activation by a transient titanium neopentylidyne: experimental and theoretical studies on the competition between 1,2-CF bond addition and [2 + 2]-cycloaddition/β-fluoride elimination
State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
E-mail: fanhj@dicp.ac.cn
b
Department of Chemistry, the Molecular Structure Center, and the School of Informatics, Indiana University, Bloomington, USA
E-mail: mbaik@indiana.edu
Dalton Trans., 2013,42, 4163-4174
DOI:
10.1039/C3DT32570A
Received
26 Oct 2012,
Accepted
14 Jan 2013
First published online
16 Jan 2013
Complex (PNP)TiCHtBu(CH2tBu) (PNP− = N[2-P(CHMe2)2-4-methylphenyl]2) eliminates H3CtBu to form transient (PNP)TiCtBu, which activates the C–F bond of ortho-difluoropyridine and ortho-fluoropyridine to form the alkylidene–fluoride complexes, (PNP)TiC[tBu(NC5H3F)](F) (1) and (PNP)TiC[tBu(NC5H4)](F) (2), respectively. When (PNP)TiCHtBu(CH2tBu) is treated with meta-fluoropyridine, the ring-opened product (PNP)Ti(C(tBu)CC4H3-3-FNH) (3) is the only recognizable titanium metal complex formed. Theoretical studies reveal that pyridine binding disfavors 1,2-CF bond addition across the alkylidyne ligand in the case of ortho-fluoride pyridines, while sequential [2 + 2]-cycloaddition/β-fluoride elimination is a lower energy pathway. In the case of meta-fluoropyridine, [2 + 2]-cycloaddition and subsequent ring-opening metathesis is favored as opposed to C–H bond addition or sequential [2 + 2]-cycloaddition/β-hydride elimination. In all cases, C–H bond addition of ortho-fluoropyridines or meta-fluoropyridine is discouraged because such substrate must bind to titanium via its C–H bond, which is rather weak compared to the titanium–pyridine binding.
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