Multifunctionality of GdPO4:Yb3+,Tb3+nanocrystals – luminescence and magnetic behaviour

Abstract

Multifunctional, luminescent and magnetic systems were synthesised by a co-precipitation method and broadly investigated. In our studies down- and visible up-conversion of Yb³⁺ and Tb³⁺ doped GdPO₄ nanocrystals were observed. The synthesised nanomaterials were analysed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Spectroscopic properties were determined from excitation and emission spectra together with a subsequent analysis. The build-up characteristics of luminescence decays showed the energy transfer processes that occurred. Magnetic measurements were performed by means of vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM). These nanomaterials showed intense green emission under ultraviolet (UV), 272 nm, and near infrared (NIR), 980 nm, laser excitation. The mechanism lying behind the observed spectroscopic properties was proposed. Energy transfer between Gd³⁺ and Tb³⁺ ions, as well as cooperative energy transfer from Yb³⁺ to Tb³⁺, was found to give a dual-mode luminescence. Also, quenching processes by cross-relaxation and phonon-assisted energy transfer were observed. The presence of different lanthanide ions and the influence of the finite-size effect underlie the complex behaviour observed.