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Cation–π induced aggregation of water-soluble [PtII(diimine)(Ln-S,O)]+ complexes studied by 1H DOSY NMR and TEM: from ‘dimer aggregates’ in acetonitrile to nano-aggregates (‘metallogels’) in water
Platinum Metals Chemistry Research Group, Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, University of Stellenbosch, P Bag X1, Matieland, South Africa
E-mail: krk@sun.ac.za
; Fax: ++2721 808 2344
; Tel: ++2721 808 3020
Dalton Trans., 2013,42, 3791-3801
DOI:
10.1039/C2DT32053C
Received
05 Sep 2012,
Accepted
14 Nov 2012
First published online
14 Nov 2012
1
H NMR chemical shift concentration dependence as well as the diffusion coefficients from DOSY NMR of mixed ligand [PtII(1,10-phenanthroline)(N-pyrrolidyl-N-(2,2-dimethylpropanoyl)thiourea)]Cl ([PtII(phen)(L1-S,O)]Cl) dissolved in mixtures of acetonitrile–water in the range 0–30% (v/v) D2O–CD3CN shows that the complex cation (M+ = [PtII(phen)(L1-S,O)]+) aggregates to form dimers, 2M+ {M+}2, with association constants ranging from KD(CD3CN) = 17 ± 2 M−1 to KD(30% (v/v) D2O–CD3CN) = 71 ± 8 M−1 at 299.3 K, presumably via non-covalent cation–π interactions. Experimental data are consistent with an ‘offset’ face-to-face cation–π stacking arrangement of the planar cation. However in water-rich solvent mixtures from >30% (v/v) D2O–CD3CN to pure D2O, the extent of aggregation significantly increases until a critical aggregation concentration (CAC) is reached, estimated to be 9.6 and 10.3 mM from 1H NMR chemical shift concentration dependence and DOSY NMR measurements respectively. Above the CAC the formation of nano-structures formulated as {[PtII(phen)(L1-S,O)]+}nCl−y (n, y > 2) is indicated. DOSY studies show a significant decrease of the average diffusion coefficient Dobs as a function of increasing concentration of [PtII(phen)(L1-S,O)]Cl in D2O. The aggregation number (N) estimated from hydrodynamic volumes of the mononuclear [PtII(phen)(L1-S,O)]+ cation (V0H), and those VH estimated from Dobs (N = VH/V0H) as a function of total complex concentration, ranges from 2 to 735 in pure D2O. Above the CAC well defined nano-structures which may be loosely termed “metallogels” could be characterized by means of transmission electron microscopy. As expected the addition of NaCl appears to increase the extent of aggregate formation, by presumably stabilizing the formation of nano-sized {[PtII(phen)(L1-S,O)]+}nCl−y aggregates preventing excessive positive electrostatic charge build-up.
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