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Palladium(II) complexes of pyrazolated thio/selenoethers: syntheses, structures, single source precursors of Pd4Se and PdSe nano-particles and potential for catalyzing Suzuki–Miyaura coupling
Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
E-mail: aksingh@chemistry.iitd.ac.in
; Fax: +91-01-26581102
; Tel: +91-011-26591379
Dalton Trans., 2013,42, 3908-3918
DOI:
10.1039/C2DT31975F
Received
29 Aug 2012,
Accepted
13 Dec 2012
First published online
13 Dec 2012
The reactions of 4-bromo-1-(2-chloroethyl)-1H-pyrazole prepared from 4-bromopyrazole with the in situ generated PhSNa, PhSeNa, Na2S and Na2Se have resulted in thio/selenoether ligands L1–L4 respectively. The complexes [PdL1/L2Cl2](1–2) and [PdL3/L4Cl]BF4 (3–4) of these ligands have been synthesized by reacting them with [PdCl2(CH3CN)2] in CH3CN at 70 °C. The L1–L4 and their complexes (1–4) have been characterized with spectroscopic techniques viz.1H, 13C{1H} and 77Se{1H} NMR, IR and HR-MS. Single crystal structures of 1–4 determined by X-ray diffraction reveal nearly square planar geometry around Pd in each case. Thermally stable, moisture/air insensitive complexes 1–4 have been found to be efficient pre-catalysts for Suzuki–Miyaura coupling reactions (yield up to 96% in 2 h). Nano-particles (NPs) (size 3–19 nm) were formed in the beginning of these reactions. They are composed of Pd and S or Se with more % of Pd. These NPs also catalyze Suzuki coupling and appear to play an important role in catalysis. Single source one pot synthesis of Pd4Se and PdSe NPs (size ranges 8–26 nm), capped with trioctylphosphine (TOP), has been developed by thermolysis of 2 and 4 at 200–250 °C in TOP. HR-TEM, SEM, SEM-EDX and powder XRD have been used to authenticate these nano-particles. The NPs of PdP2 are formed when attempts were made to prepare nano-sized phases of palladium-sulfide by thermolysis of 1 and 3 in TOP.
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