Solution-based fabrication of ZnO/ZnSe heterostructure nanowire arrays for solar energy conversion

Abstract

We report a method for synthesizing ZnO/ZnSe heterostructure nanowire arrays for use in photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting. The surfaces of ZnO nanowires immobilized on a conducting glass substrate were modified to form ZnO/ZnSe heterostructure nanowire arrays through a reaction with an aqueous sodium selenite and hydrazine solution. ZnO/ZnSe heterostructure nanowires with different morphologies were synthesized by varying solution concentrations and reaction times. The ZnO nanowire/ZnSe nanoparticle heterostructures (ZS1) were synthesized by a dissolution–recrystallization mechanism. At longer reaction times and higher solution concentrations, the nanostructure arrays transformed into ZnO nanowire/ZnSe nanosphere heterostructure arrays (ZS2) via Ostwald ripening. ZnO/ZnSe heterostructure arrays (ZS1 and ZS2) yielded higher photocurrents than the pristine ZnO nanowire arrays in a PEC water splitting test under AM 1.5G simulated solar light. The ZnO/ZnSe heterostructure array photoanodes exhibited absorption in the visible spectrum (<550 nm in wavelength) with a high incident-photon-to-current-conversion efficiency (IPCE) of up to 47% (ZS1) or 57% (ZS2) at 0.0 V vs. Ag/AgCl. The photoanode yielded a relatively high photocurrent density of 1.67 mA cm⁻² (ZS1) or 2.35 mA cm⁻² (ZS2) at 0.3 V compared to the ZnO nanowire arrays (0.125 mA cm⁻²). Structural differences between ZS1 and ZS2 yielded different PEC performances. A comparison to ZS2 revealed that ZS1 exhibited a higher photocurrent density under a low applied potential (from −0.78 V to −0.07 V) and a lower photocurrent density under a high applied potential (above −0.07 V).