Interpretation of substituent effects on 13C and 15N NMR chemical shifts in 6-substituted purines

Abstract

A range of purine derivatives modified at position 6 of the basic purine skeleton exhibit a variety of biological activities. Several derivatives are used or tested nowadays for pharmacological treatments. The present work aims to analyze the effects of substituents on the electron distribution in the purine core as reflected by NMR chemical shifts. We collected a comprehensive set of experimental NMR data for a variety of 6-substituted purines (–NH₂, –NHMe, –NMe₂, –OMe, –Me, –CCH, and –CN) and determined the molecular and crystal structures of three derivatives (–NHMe, –CCH, and –CN) by X-ray diffraction. The density-functional methods calibrated in our recent study (Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2010, 12, 5126) have been employed to enable understanding of the substituent-induced changes in the NMR chemical shifts of the atoms in the purine skeleton. Analyses of the nuclear shielding using localized molecular orbitals (LMOs), specifically the natural LMOs (NLMOs) and Pipek–Mezey LMOs, were used to break down the values of the isotropic ¹³C and ¹⁵N NMR chemical shifts and the chemical shift tensors into the contributions of the individual LMOs. The experimental and calculated trends in the chemical shift of the N-3 atom correlate nicely with the Hammett constants (σ_para) and the calculated natural charges on N-3, whereas the contributions of the LMOs to the N-1 and C-6 chemical shifts are found to be more complex.