XPS study of nitrogen dioxide adsorption on metal oxide particle surfaces under different environmental conditions

Abstract

The adsorption of nitrogen dioxide on gamma aluminium oxide (γ-Al₂O₃) and alpha iron oxide (α-Fe₂O₃) particle surfaces under various conditions of relative humidity, presence of molecular oxygen and UV light has been investigated. X-Ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is used to monitor the different surface species that form under these environmental conditions. Adsorption of NO₂ on aluminum oxide particle surfaces results primarily in the formation of surface nitrate, NO₃⁻ with an oxidation state of +5, as indicated by a peak with binding energy of 407.3 eV in the N1s region. An additional minority species, sensitive to the presence of relative humidity and molecular oxygen, is also observed in the N1s region with lower binding energy of 405.9 eV. This peak is assigned to a surface species in the +4 oxidation state. When irradiated with UV light, other species form on the surface. These surface-bound photochemical products all have lower binding energy, between 400 and 402 eV, indicating reduced nitrogen species in the range of N oxidations states spanning +1 to −1. Co-adsorbed water decreases the amount of these reduced surface-bound products while the presence of molecular oxygen completely suppresses the formation of all reduced nitrogen species on aluminum oxide particle surfaces. For NO₂ on iron oxide particle surfaces, photoreduction is enhanced relative to γ-Al₂O₃ and surface bound photoreduced species are observed under all environmental conditions. Complementing the experimental data, N1s core electron binding energies (CEBEs) were calculated using DFT for a number of nitrogen-containing species in the gas phase and adsorbed on an Al₈O₁₂cluster. A range of CEBEs is calculated for various nitrogen species in different adsorption modes and oxidation states. These calculated values are discussed in light of the peaks observed in the XPS N1s region and the possible species that form following NO₂ adsorption and photoreaction on metal oxide particle surfaces under different conditions of relative humidity, presence of molecular oxygen and UV light.